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Kramer E 1971 Art as Therapy With Children New York Schocken Books P 219

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Creation of art to improve mental health

Art therapy
Correctional Activities at Central Jail Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2010 - Convict artists busy in drawing designs of carpets on graph papers.JPG

Ii convict artists draw designs of carpets on graph paper at Industrial Workshops of Central Jail Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan, in 2010
MeSH D001155

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Fine art therapy (not to be confused with arts therapy, which includes other artistic therapies such as drama therapy and music therapy) is a distinct subject area that incorporates creative methods of expression through visual art media. Art therapy, every bit a creative arts therapy profession, originated in the fields of art and psychotherapy and may vary in definition.

There are iii primary means that art therapy is employed. The showtime 1 is called analytic art therapy. Analytic fine art therapy is based on the theories that come from analytical psychology, and in more than cases, psychoanalysis.[i] Analytic art therapy focuses on the client, the therapist, and the ideas that are transferred between the both of them through fine art.[one] Some other mode that art therapy is utilized is art psychotherapy. This approach focuses more on the psychotherapist and their analysis of their clients' artwork verbally.[1] The last fashion fine art therapy is looked at is through the lens of art as therapy. Some fine art therapists practicing art equally therapy believe that analyzing the client's artwork verbally is not essential, therefore they stress the creation process of the art instead.[ane] In all of these different approaches to art therapy, the fine art therapist's client goes on the journey to delve into their inner thoughts and emotions by the utilise of paint, paper and pen, clay, sand, fabric, or other media.[ane]

Fine art therapy can be used to help people amend cerebral and sensory motor function, self-esteem, self sensation, and emotional resilience.[two] It may also aide in resolving conflicts and reduce distress.

Current fine art therapy includes a vast number of other approaches such as person-centered, cognitive, behavior, Gestalt, narrative, Adlerian, and family. The tenets of art therapy involve humanism, creativity, reconciling emotional conflicts, fostering self-sensation, and personal growth.[iii]

History [edit]

In the history of mental wellness handling, art therapy (combining studies of psychology and art) emerged much subsequently every bit a new field. This type of unconventional therapy is used to cultivate self-esteem and awareness, better cerebral and motor abilities, resolve conflicts or stress, and inspire resilience in patients.[2] It invites sensory, kinesthetic, perceptual, and sensory symbolization to address problems that verbal psychotherapy cannot reach.[2] Although fine art therapy is a relatively immature therapeutic discipline, its roots lie in the use of the arts in the 'moral handling' of psychiatric patients in the belatedly 18th century.[4]

Fine art therapy as a profession began in the mid-20th century, arising independently in English-speaking and European countries. Art had been used at the time for various reasons: communication, inducing inventiveness in children, and in religious contexts.[1] The early art therapists who published accounts of their piece of work acknowledged the influence of aesthetics, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, rehabilitation, early childhood education, and art teaching, to varying degrees, on their practices.[4]

The British creative person Adrian Hill coined the term fine art therapy in 1942.[5] Hill, recovering from tuberculosis in a sanatorium, discovered the therapeutic benefits of cartoon and painting while convalescing. He wrote that the value of art therapy lay in "completely engrossing the listen (besides every bit the fingers)…releasing the creative energy of the frequently inhibited patient", which enabled the patient to "build upwards a potent defence against his misfortunes". He suggested artistic work to his fellow patients. That began his art therapy work, which was documented in 1945 in his book, Fine art Versus Illness.[6]

Edward Adamson, "the father of art therapy in U.k."[seven]

The artist Edward Adamson, demobilised later on WW2, joined Adrian Hill to extend Hill's work to the British long stay mental hospitals. Other early proponents of art therapy in Uk include E. M. Lyddiatt, Michael Edwards, Diana Raphael-Halliday and Rita Simons. The British Association of Fine art Therapists was founded in 1964.[8]

U.S. art therapy pioneers Margaret Naumburg and Edith Kramer began practicing at around the same fourth dimension equally Hill. Naumburg, an educator, asserted that "art therapy is psychoanalytically oriented" and that costless art expression "becomes a course of symbolic speech which ... leads to an increase in verbalization in the course of therapy."[9] Edith Kramer, an artist, pointed out the importance of the creative process, psychological defenses, and creative quality, writing that "sublimation is attained when forms are created that successfully contain ... anger, anxiety, or pain."[10] Other early proponents of art therapy in the United States include Elinor Ulman, Robert "Bob" Ault, and Judith Rubin. The American Art Therapy Association was founded in 1969.[11]

National professional associations of fine art therapy exist in many countries, including Brazil, Canada, Finland, Lebanon, Israel, Japan, holland, Romania, Republic of korea, and Sweden. International networking contributes to the establishment of standards for education and practice.[12]

Fine art Therapist process work

Diverse perspectives exist on history of art therapy, which complement those that focus on the institutionalization of fine art therapy as a profession in United kingdom and the Us.[thirteen] [xiv] [15]

Definitions [edit]

An art therapist watches over a person with mental health issues during an art therapy workshop in Senegal.

There are various definitions of the term art therapy.[16] : ane

The British Association of Fine art Therapists defines fine art therapy as: "a form of psychotherapy that uses art media as its main mode of expression and communication." They also add together that "clients who are referred to an art therapist need not have previous experience in art, the art therapist is not primarily concerned with making an aesthetic or diagnostic cess of the client's paradigm."[17] [eighteen]

The American Fine art Therapy Clan defines fine art therapy every bit: "an integrative mental wellness and homo services profession that enriches the lives of individuals, families, and communities through active art-making, artistic p[xix]rocess, applied psychological theory, and human feel inside a psychotherapeutic relationship."[20]

Uses [edit]

As a regulated mental health profession, art therapy is employed in many clinical and other settings with various populations. Information technology is increasingly recognized as a valid form of therapy. Art therapy tin likewise be found in non-clinical settings, as well as in art studios and in creativity development workshops. Licensing for art therapists can vary from state to state with some recognizing fine art therapy as a split up license and some licensing nether a related field such a professional counseling or mental health counseling.[21] Fine art therapists must have a main'southward degree that includes grooming in the creative process, psychological development, and group therapy, and they must complete a clinical internship.[22] Fine art therapists may likewise pursue additional credentialing through the Fine art Therapy Credentials Board.[23] Fine art therapists piece of work with populations of all ages and with a wide diversity of disorders and diseases. Fine art therapists provide services to children, adolescents, and adults, whether as individuals, couples, families, or groups.

Using their evaluative and psychotherapy skills, fine art therapists choose materials and interventions advisable to their clients' needs and design sessions to achieve therapeutic goals and objectives. They use the creative procedure to assistance their clients increase insight, cope with stress, work through traumatic experiences, increment cognitive, memory and neurosensory abilities, ameliorate interpersonal relationships and accomplish greater cocky-fulfillment. The activities an art therapist chooses to do with clients depend on a variety of factors such as their mental state or age. Fine art therapists may draw upon images from resources such as the Annal for Research in Archetypal Symbolism to incorporate historical art and symbols into their work with patients. Depending on the state, province, or country, the term "art therapist" may exist reserved for those who are professionals trained in both fine art and therapy and hold a master or doctoral degree in art therapy or certification in art therapy obtained after a graduate degree in a related field.[24] Other professionals, such every bit mental health counselors, social workers, psychologists, and play therapists, optionally combine art-making with bones psychotherapeutic modalities in their treatment. Therapists may better understand a client's absorption of information afterward assessing elements of their artwork.[25]

A systemic literature review compiled and evaluated unlike research studies, some of which are listed below. Overall, this survey publication revealed that both the loftier level of variability (such as incorporating talk therapy) and express number of studies done with certified art therapists made it difficult to generalize over findings. Despite these limitations, art therapy has, to an extent, proved its efficacy in relieving symptoms and improving quality of life.[26]

Full general illness [edit]

Art-making is a common activity used by many people to cope with illness. Fine art and the creative process tin can convalesce many illnesses (cancer, center disease, flu, etc.). This class of therapy helps benefit those who suffer from mental illnesses as well (chronic low, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, etc.). It is difficult to measure the efficacy of art therapy as information technology treats various mental illnesses to unlike degrees; although, people can escape the emotional effects of diverse affliction through art making and many creative methods.[27] Sometimes people cannot express the style they feel, as it tin be difficult to put into words, and art tin can help people express their experiences. "During art therapy, people can explore past, present and future experiences using art as a form of coping".[27] Art tin can be a refuge for the intense emotions associated with illness; at that place are no limits to the imagination in finding creative ways to express emotions.

Hospitals have started studying the influence of arts on patient care and found that participants in art programs have better vitals and less difficulty sleeping. Artistic influence does not need to be participation in a program, just studies have found that a landscape moving picture in a hospital room had reduced need for narcotic pain killers and less fourth dimension in recovery at the hospital.[27] In add-on, either looking at or creating art in hospitals helped stabilize vital signs, speed up the healing process, and in general, bring a sense of promise and soul to the patient. Family, care workers, doctors and nurses are also positively affected.

Using art therapy, it can likewise be a good way for those with general illnesses to express their feelings and emotions through fine art, when it may or may non be hard to explain their feelings through words. Fine art helps give security to emotions to those if they are non comfortable sharing their emotions to others, only can trust a canvas or sheet of paper to hold onto those emotions.

Subjective cancer symptoms [edit]

Many studies accept been conducted on the benefits of art therapy on cancer patients. Art therapy has been found useful for supporting patients during the stress of such things as chemotherapy handling.[28]

Art therapists take conducted studies to understand why some cancer patients plough to art making as a coping mechanism and a tool to creating a positive identity outside of being a cancer patient. Women in the study participated in unlike art programs ranging from pottery and card making to drawing and painting. The programs helped them regain an identity outside of having cancer, lessened emotional hurting from their ongoing fight with cancer, and also gave them promise for the futurity.

In a written report involving women facing cancer-related difficulties such equally fear, pain, contradistinct social relationships, information technology was found that:

Engaging in different types of visual fine art (textiles, card making, collage, pottery, watercolor, acrylics) helped these women in four major ways. First, information technology helped them focus on positive life experiences, relieving their ongoing preoccupation with cancer. Second, it enhanced their self-worth and identity by providing them with opportunities to demonstrate continuity, claiming, and achievement. Tertiary, it enabled them to maintain a social identity that resisted existence divers by cancer. Finally, it allowed them to limited their feelings in a symbolic manner, especially during chemotherapy.[27]

Another study showed those who participated in these types of activities were discharged earlier than those who did not participate.[27]

Furthermore, another report revealed the healing effects of art therapy on female breast cancer patients. Studies revealed that relatively curt-term art therapy interventions significantly improved patients' emotional states and perceived symptoms.[26]

Studies have also shown how the emotional distress of cancer patients has been reduced when utilizing the creative process. The women fabricated drawings of themselves throughout the treatment process while also doing yoga and meditating; these actions combined helped to alleviate some symptoms.[27]

Some other report, with 111 participants, looked at the efficacy of mindfulness-based art therapy, combining meditation with art.[29] The study used measurements such as quality of life, physical symptoms, depression, and anxiety to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. This yielded positive results that at that place was a significant subtract in distress and meaning improvement in quality of life.

A review of 12 studies investigating the use of art therapy in cancer patients by Wood, Molassiotis, and Payne (2010) investigated the symptoms of emotional, social, physical, and global functioning, and spiritual concerns of cancer patients. They found that art therapy can improve the process of psychological readjustment to the change, loss, and uncertainty associated with surviving cancer. Information technology was also suggested that fine art therapy can provide a sense of "pregnant-making" through the physical human activity of creating the art. When given five individual sessions of art therapy once per week, fine art therapy was shown to be useful for personal empowerment past helping the cancer patients empathize their own boundaries in relation to the needs of other people. In turn, those who had art therapy handling felt more connected to others and found social interaction more than enjoyable than individuals who did not receive art therapy treatment. Furthermore, fine art therapy improved motivation levels, ability to hash out emotional and concrete health, general well-existence, and increased global quality of life in cancer patients.[30]

In sum, relatively short-term intervention of art therapy that is individualized to patients has the potential to significantly amend emotional state and quality of life, while reducing perceived symptoms relating to the cancer diagnosis.[26]

Disaster relief [edit]

Art therapy has been used in a variety of traumatic experiences, including disaster relief and crisis intervention. Fine art therapists take worked with children, adolescents and adults subsequently natural and manmade disasters, encouraging them to make fine art in response to their experiences. Some suggested strategies for working with victims of disaster include: assessing for distress or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),[31] normalizing feelings, modeling coping skills, promoting relaxation skills, establishing a social support network, and increasing a sense of security and stability.[32] : 137ff [33] : 120ff

Dementia [edit]

Art therapy has been proven to assistance patients suffering with dementia of all backgrounds. It is important that the fine art tools are easy to use and relatively uncomplicated to empathise, since mobility can as well be a problem. [1] While art therapy helps with behavioral issues, it does not announced to affect worsening mental abilities.[34] Tentative bear witness supports benefits with respect to quality of life.[35] Art therapy had no clear results on affecting retention or emotional well-being scales.[36] However, Alzheimer'southward Association states that art and music tin enrich people's lives and allow for self expression.[37]

Autism [edit]

Art therapy is increasingly recognized to help address challenges of people with autism.[3] Art therapy may address core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders by promoting sensory regulation, supporting psychomotor development and facilitating communication.[38] Art therapy is also thought to promote emotional and mental growth past allowing cocky expression, visual advice, and creativity.[39]

Schizophrenia [edit]

A 2005 systematic review of art therapy every bit an add on treatment for schizophrenia found unclear effects.[40] Group fine art therapy has been shown to meliorate some symptoms of schizophrenia. While studies concluded that art therapy did non improve Clinical Global Impression or Global Assessment of Functioning, they showed that the use of haptic art materials to express one's emotions, cognitions, and perceptions in a group setting lowered depressing themes and may better self-esteem, enforce creativity, and facilitate the integrative therapeutic process for people with schizophrenia.[41] Studies reveal that cognitive behavioral therapy has proven to exist most effective for this disorder.[26]

Geriatric patients [edit]

Studies conducted past Regev reveal that geriatric art therapy has been significantly useful in helping depression for the elderly, although non particularly successful among dementia patients.[26] Group therapy versus individual sessions proved to be more than constructive.

Trauma and children [edit]

Fine art therapy may alleviate trauma-induced emotions, such every bit shame and anger.[42] It is also probable to increase trauma survivors' sense of empowerment [43] and control by encouraging children to make choices in their artwork.[42] Art therapy in addition to psychotherapy offered more reduction in trauma symptoms than only psychotherapy lone.[44]

Because traumatic memories are encoded visually,[45] [46] creating art may be the most effective way to access them. Through art therapy, children may exist able to brand more sense of their traumatic experiences and form authentic trauma narratives. Gradual exposure to these narratives may reduce trauma-induced symptoms, such as flashbacks and nightmares.[42] Repetition of directives reduces anxiety, and visually creating narratives helps clients build coping skills and counterbalanced nervous system responses.[47] This only works in long-term art therapy interventions.[26]

Children who have experienced trauma may benefit from group art therapy. The group format is constructive in helping survivors develop relationships with others who have experienced similar situations.[43] Group art therapy may also be beneficial in helping children with trauma regain trust and social self-esteem.[42] Normally, participants who undergo fine art therapy through group interventions have positive experiences and give their internal feelings validation.[48]

Veterans and post-traumatic stress disorder

Fine art therapy has an established history of existence used to treat veterans, with the American Art Therapy Association documenting its utilize as early as 1945.[49] Equally with other sources of trauma, combat veterans may do good from fine art therapy to access memories and to appoint with treatment. A 2016 randomized control trial establish that art therapy in conjunction with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was more beneficial than CPT alone.[50] Walter Reed Ground forces Medical Eye, the National Intrepid Center of Excellence and other Veteran Association institutions use art therapy to aid veterans with PTSD.[51]

Bereavement [edit]

A number of therapists apply art therapy to assist those who have recently experienced the expiry of a loved one. This is proposed to exist particularly benign where clients find it difficult to enunciate their feelings of loss and shock, and so may use artistic means to express their feelings.[52] For example, it has been used to enable children to limited their feelings of loss where they may lack the maturity to verbalize their bereavement.

Eating disorders [edit]

Art therapy may help people with anorexia with weight improvements and may aid with depression level.[53] Traumatic or negative childhood experiences can outcome in unintentionally harmful coping mechanisms, such as eating disorders. As a issue, clients may be cut off from their emotions, self-rejecting, and discrete from their strengths.[54] Fine art therapy may provide an outlet for exploring these inaccessible strengths and emotions; this is important considering persons with eating disorders may not know how to vocalize their emotions.[54]

Art therapy may be benign for clients with eating disorders because clients can create visual representations with art material of progress made, represent alterations to the body, and provide a nonthreatening method of acting out impulses.[54] Individuals with eating disorders tend to rely heavily on defense mechanisms to experience a sense of command; it is important that clients feel a sense of authorization over their fine art products through freedom of expression and controllable art materials.[54] Through controllable media, such equally pencils, markers, and colored pencils, forth with freedom of choice with the media, clients with eating disorders tin create boundaries around unsettling themes.[55]

Another systematic literature review found conclusive prove that art therapy resulted in meaning weight loss in patients with obesity, too as helping with a range of psychological symptoms.[26]

Ongoing daily challenges [edit]

Those who do not suffer from a mental illness or physical affliction were also tested; these patients have ongoing daily challenges such equally loftier-intensity jobs, financial constraints, and other personal problems. Findings revealed that art therapy reduces levels of stress and burnout related to patients' professions.[26]

Containment [edit]

The term containment, inside art therapy and other therapeutic settings, has been used to describe what the client tin experience within the prophylactic and privacy of a trusting human relationship between client and advisor.[56] [57] This term has also been equated, within art therapy inquiry, with the holding or confining of an issue inside the boundaries of visual expression, like a border or the circumference of a mandala.[58] The creation of mandalas for symptom regulation is not a new arroyo within the field of art therapy, and numerous studies accept been conducted in order to appraise their efficacy.[59] [60]

Purpose [edit]

Art media commonly used in art therapy

The purpose of art therapy is essentially i of healing. Art therapy can be successfully applied to clients with physical, mental or emotional problems, diseases and disorders. Whatsoever blazon of visual art and fine art medium can exist employed within the therapeutic process, including painting, drawing, sculpting, photography, and digital art.[61] Art therapy may include creative exercises such as cartoon or painting a certain emotion, creative journaling, or freestyle creation.[62]

One proposed learning mechanism is through the increased excitation, and as a consequence, strengthening of neuronal connections.[63]

A typical session [edit]

A man draws in response to an art therapy directive.

Art therapy can accept place in a diversity of different settings. Art therapists may vary the goals of art therapy and the way they provide art therapy, depending upon the institution's or customer'due south needs. After an assessment of the client's strengths and needs, art therapy may be offered in either an individual or group format, co-ordinate to which is meliorate suited to the person. Art therapist Dr. Ellen Thou. Horovitz wrote, "My responsibilities vary from task to job. It is wholly different when one works as a consultant or in an agency as opposed to individual practice. In private practice, it becomes more complex and far reaching. If yous are the primary therapist then your responsibilities can swing from the spectrum of social work to the primary care of the patient. This includes dovetailing with physicians, judges, family members, and sometimes even community members that might be of import in the caretaking of the individual."[64] Like other psychotherapists in private practice, some art therapists find it important to ensure, for the therapeutic relationship, that the sessions occur each week in the same space and at the same time.[65]

Art therapy is often offered in schools as a form of therapy for children because of their creativity and interest in fine art as a means of expression. Art therapy can do good children with a variety of issues, such as learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, behavioral disorders, and other emotional disturbances that might be hindering a child'south learning.[65] Similar to other psychologists that work in schools, art therapists should be able to diagnose the problems facing their student clients, and individualize treatment and interventions. Art therapists work closely with teachers and parents in order to implement their therapy strategies.[65]

Art-based assessments [edit]

Art therapists and other professionals use fine art-based assessments to evaluate emotional, cognitive, and developmental conditions. There are too many psychological assessments that utilise artmaking to clarify various types of mental performance (Betts, 2005). Art therapists and other professionals are educated to administer and interpret these assessments, nigh of which rely on simple directives and a standardized assortment of art materials (Malchiodi 1998, 2003; Betts, 2005).[66] The offset drawing assessment for psychological purposes was created in 1906 by German psychiatrist Fritz Mohr (Malchiodi 1998).[66] In 1926, researcher Florence Goodenough created a drawing examination to measure the intelligence in children called the Depict-A-Human Test (Malchiodi 1998).[66] The key to interpreting the Draw-A-Man Test was that the more than details a child incorporated into the drawing, the more than intelligent they were (Malchiodi, 1998).[66] Goodenough and other researchers realized the test had merely as much to do with personality every bit it did intelligence (Malchiodi, 1998).[66] Several other psychiatric art assessments were created in the 1940s, and have been used always since (Malchiodi 1998).[66]

Notwithstanding, many fine art therapists eschew diagnostic testing and indeed some writers (Hogan 1997) question the validity of therapists making interpretative assumptions. More recent literature, even so, highlights the utility of standardized approaches to handling planning and clinical decision-making, such equally is evidenced through this source. Below are some examples of art therapy assessments:

Mandala Cess Research Instrument [edit]

In this assessment, a person is asked to select a card from a deck with different mandalas (designs enclosed in a geometric shape) and then must choose a color from a set of colored cards. The person is then asked to describe the mandala from the card they choose with an oil pastel of the colour of their choice. The creative person is then asked to explain if in that location were any meanings, experiences, or related information related to the mandala they drew. This exam is based on the beliefs of Joan Kellogg, who sees a recurring correlation betwixt the images, pattern and shapes in the mandalas that people draw and the personalities of the artists. This test assesses and gives clues to a person'due south psychological progressions and their electric current psychological condition (Malchiodi 1998). The mandala originates in Buddhism; its connections with spirituality help us to see links with transpersonal art.

House–Tree–Person [edit]

Child's stick-figure drawing of a person.

Iv-twelvemonth-old's drawing of a person

In the business firm-tree-person test, the client is asked to make a drawing that includes a house, a tree and a person, after which the therapist asks several questions about each. For example, with reference to the house, Buck (1984) wrote questions such as, "Is it a happy house?" and "What is the house fabricated of?" Regarding the tree, questions include, "About how old is that tree?" and "Is the tree alive?" Concerning the person, questions include, "Is that person happy?" and "How does that person feel?"

The house-tree-person test is a projective personality test, a blazon of exam in which the examination taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstruse, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings). It is to mensurate aspects of a person's personality through interpretation of drawings and responses to questions, self-perceptions and attitudes.[67]

Outsider art [edit]

The relation betwixt the fields of art therapy and outsider art has been widely debated. The term art brut was first coined by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe "fine art created outside the boundaries of official culture". Dubuffet used the term art brut to focus on artistic practice past insane-asylum patients. The English translation "outsider art" was first used by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972.[68] [69]

Both terms have been criticized because of their social and personal touch on both patients and artists. Art therapy professionals have been defendant of not putting enough emphasis on the artistic value and meaning of the artist'southward works, considering them but from a medical perspective. This led to the misconception of the whole outsider art practice, while addressing therapeutical bug within the field of aesthetical discussion. Outsider art, on the contrary, has been negatively judged because of the labeling of the artists' piece of work, i.e. the equation creative person = genius = insane. Moreover, the concern-related problems on the term outsider art comport some misunderstandings.[lxx] [71] While the outsider artist is part of a specific art system, which can add together a positive value to both the artist'due south work likewise every bit his personal evolution, it tin can too imprison him within the boundaries of the system itself.[72] [73]

See also [edit]

  • Creative freedom
  • Bibliotherapy
  • Comic volume therapy
  • Expressive therapy
  • List of psychotherapies
  • List of therapies

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External links [edit]

  • Media related to Art therapy at Wikimedia Commons
  1. ^ Wang, Qiu-Yue; Li, Dong-Mei (2016-09-01). "Advances in art therapy for patients with dementia". Chinese Nursing Research. 3 (3): 105–108. doi:10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.011. ISSN 2095-7718.

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